Scientists have previously estimated humans pumped 2,150 gigatons of groundwater, equivalent to more than 6 millimetres of sea level rise, from 1993 to 2010. However, validating that estimate is difficult.
The chemical -- perfluorotributylamine -- is the most radiatively efficient chemical found to date, breaking all other chemical records for its potential to impact climate, said researchers from University of Toronto's Department of Chemistry.
The method is based on a network analysis of regional weather data.
Mars has belts of glaciers consisting of frozen water equivalent to over 150 billion cubic metres -- enough to cover the entire surface of the red planet with more than one metre of ice, scientists say.
Located in Titan's stratosphere, the cloud is made of a compound of carbon and nitrogen known as dicyanoacetylene (C4N2), an ingredient in the chemical cocktail that colours the giant moon's hazy, brownish-orange atmosphere.
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